In 2009 this system detected Usutu virus, another flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex, phylogenetically closely related to WNV. Surveillance was increased in subsequent years, extending the monitored area and increasing the number of sampled birds and mosquitoes. A surveillance system with these characteristics was set up in the Emilia-Romagna region during 2008, after detection of WNV in the region. Following this indications, a surveillance system targeting West Nile virus (WNV) (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) should mainly include Culex mosquitoes and wild birds, such as corvids, major vectors and reservoirs of the virus, respectively. Surveillance systems should be established to monitor specific arthropod and vertebrate species, according to the target virus and environmental conditions. The detection of viruses in invertebrate vectors and vertebrate reservoir hosts is an important part of public health surveillance systems that allows analysis of the intensity and seasonality of viral circulation in the environment it provides date for the timely planning of preventive measures such as blood donation screening. In recent years, there have been increasing global reports of diseases due to arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses),. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. No other external funding was utilized for this study. Also funds obtained by the IZSLER project, financed by the Italian Ministry of Health ( ), on West Nile virus overwintering mechanisms in Emilia-Romagna region (PRC2009004) were utilized. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: The Regione Emilia-Romagna ( had partially funded this work to IZSLER ( and CAA ( by the Regional project on insect borne diseases (COMM07001). Received: DecemAccepted: Published: May 30, 2012Ĭopyright: © 2012 Calzolari et al. Coffey, Blood Systems Research Institute, United States of America
(2012) Mosquito, Bird and Human Surveillance of West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) in 2010. Something as simple as putting your cellphone in a different room, away from your desk for an hour, can help you focus on what matters most.ĭistractions (and mosquitoes) are not inherently bad, but the ability to control attention and maintain focus on what’s wildly important is like a superpower for creating value and delivering results.Citation: Calzolari M, Gaibani P, Bellini R, Defilippo F, Pierro A, Albieri A, et al. Saying no to distractions and getting into flow state is how I: Csikszentmihalyi even calls flow the secret to happiness. In his book of the same name, he defines flow as “the state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter.” Athletes and artists commonly refer to it as being “in the zone” or “in the groove.”ĭr. Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi labeled this feeling of hyperfocus as Flow. I’ve found that my best work-the kind of work that creates value-comes from uninterrupted periods of time when I’m focused on just one thing.Ī heightened sense of awareness emerges and I feel energized. The cost of frequently switching tasks is a reduction in cognitive performance, which is why it’s important to avoid distractions.
Sophie Leroy, Associate Professor at the University of Washington Bothell, discusses attention residue in her peer-reviewed article “ Why is it so hard to do my work?” and defines the effect as “when thoughts about a task persist and intrude while performing another task.” Task switching has a costly, negative effect on the brain.
All day, these kinds of distractions tug on our attention and pull us away from our work. That urge to check your phone when you’re in the midst of solving a complex problem. Email pop-ups in the corner of the screen. Like mosquitoes, they’re persistent and unrelenting.įacebook notifications.
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